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Tóm tắt
Nghiên cứu này nhằm đánh giá ảnh hưởng của việc bổ sung khoáng vào môi trường nước lên hiệu quả sinh sản của ốc bươu đồng trong quá trình nuôi vỗ. Ốc bố mẹ (khối lượng: 12,6 - 14,7 g/con; chiều cao vỏ: 37,3 - 44,7 mm/con) được nuôi vỗ trong bể lót bạt (kích thước 1×1×1 m) với mật độ 60 con/bể (tỉ lệ đực:cái là 1:1). Môi trường nước được bổ sung khoáng Pro Mix với 5 mức hàm lượng khoáng khác nhau vào môi trường nước, với 3 lần lặp lạibao gồm: 1) Đối chứng không bổ sung khoáng (No.Mi-W); 2) Bổ sung khoáng 30 mg/m3 (Mi30-W); 3) Bổ sung khoáng 50 mg/m3 (Mi50-W); 4) Bổ sung khoáng 70 mg/m3 (Mi70-W) và 5) Bổ sung khoáng 90 mg/m3 (Mi90-W). Mỗi mức khoáng bổ sung được lặp lại 3 lần. Kết quả cho thấy, hệ số thành thục (GSI) của ốc bươu đồng ở Mi30-W cao nhất đạt 12,50% ở con cái; 6,62% ở con đực và khác biệt (p<0,05) so với No.Mi-W (7,00%; 4,19%). Ốc bươu đồng nuôi vỗ ở nghiệm thức Mi30-W có tần suất sinh sản 1,08 tổ/tuần/m2, cao hơn và khác biệt (p<0,05) so với ốc bươu đồng ở nghiệm thức Mi90-W (0,86 tổ/tuần/m2) và nghiệm thức No.Mi-W (0,61 tổ/tuần/m2). Kết quả nghiên cứu khẳng định, việc bổ sung khoáng vào môi trường nước nuôi vỗ ở mức 30 mg/m3 đã nâng cao tỷ lệ thành thục sinh dục, hiệu quả sinh sản của ốc so với các hàm lượng bổ sung khoáng khác.
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Cách trích dẫn
Lê Văn Bình & Ngô Thị Thu Thảo. (2024). Ảnh hưởng của bổ sung khoáng vào môi trường nước đến hiệu quả sinh sản của ốc bươu đồng (Pila polita Deshayes, 1830) trong quá trình nuôi vỗ. Tạp Chí Khoa học Và công nghệ nông nghiệp Trường Đại học Nông Lâm Huế, 8(3), 4482–4494. https://doi.org/10.46826/huaf-jasat.v8n3y2024.1159
Số
Chuyên mục
CHĂN NUÔI - THÚ Y- THỦY SẢN - ĐỘNG VẬT
Tài liệu tham khảo
Võ Xuân Chu. (2011). Nghiên cứu một số đặc điểm sinh học và thử nghiệm sinh sản ốc bươu đồng (Pila polita). Luận văn Cao học Chuyên ngành Sinh học Thực nghiệm. Trường Đại học Tây Nguyên.
Lê Văn Bình và Ngô Thị Thu Thảo. (2017). Ảnh hưởng của thức ăn và tỷ lệ giới tính đến kết quả nuôi vỗ ốc bươu đồng (Pila polita). Tạp chí Nông nghiệp và phát triển nông thôn, 7, 101-111.
Lê Văn Bình và Ngô Thị Thu Thảo. (2020). Đặc điểm phát triển tuyến sinh dục và chu kỳ sinh sản của ốc bươu đồng (Pila polita) phân bố ở một số tỉnh Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long. Tạp chí khoa học Nông nghiệp Việt Nam, 18(11), 938-947.
Ngô Thị Thu Thảo và Lê Văn Bình (2017). Hiệu quả của việc bổ sung canxi vào thức ăn trong quá trình ương giống ốc bươu đồng (Pila polita). Tạp chí Khoa học Trường Đại học Cần Thơ, 52b, 70-77.
Ani, A.O., Ogbu, C.C., Elufidipe, C.O., & Ugwuowo, L.C. (2013). Growth performance of african giant land snail (Achatina achatina) fed varying dietary protein and energy levels. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 8(20), 184-190.
Beeby, A., & Richmond, L. (2007). Differential growth rates and calcium-allocation strategies in the garden snail Cantareus aspersus. The Journal of Molluscan Studies, 73(1), 105-112. DOI:10.1093/mollus/eym002.
Beeby, A., & Richmond, L. (2011). Magnesium and the Deposition of Lead in the Shell of Three Populations of the Garden Snail Cantareus aspersus. Environmental Pollution, 159(6), 1667-1672. DOI:10.1016/ j.envpol.2011.02.040.
Chaitanawisuti, N., Sungsirin, T. & Piyatiratitivorakul, S. (2010). Effects of dietary calcium and phosphorus supplementation on the growth performance of juvenile spotted babylon Babylonia areolata culture in a recirculating culture system. Aquaculture International, 18(3), 303-313. DOI:10.1007/s10499-009-9244-8.
Chandra, A.K., Sengupta, P., Goswami, H., & Sarkar, M. (2013). Effects of Dietary Magnesium on Testicular Histology, Steroidogenesis, Spermatogenesis and Oxidative Stress Markers in Adult Rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 51(1), 37-47.
Coote, T.A., Hone, P.W. Kenyon, R. & Maguire, G.B. (1996). The effect of different combinations of dietary calcium and phosphorus on the growth of juvenile Haliotis laevigata. Aquaculture, 145(1-4), 267-279. DOI:10.1016/S0044 -8486(96)01303-8.
Coote, T.A., Hone, P.W. Kenyon, R. & Maguire, G.B. (1996). The effect of different combinations of dietary calcium and phosphorus on the growth of juvenile Haliotis laevigata. Aquaculture, 145(1-4), 267-279. DOI:10.1016/S0044 -8486(96)01303-8.
Dalesman, S., & Lukowiak, K. (2013). Effect of acute exposure to low environmental calcium on respiration and locomotion in Lymnaea stagnalis. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 213, 1471-1476. DOI:10.1242/jeb.040493.
Drapała, T. (1986). Chemia Ogólna Nieorganiczna; Pwn: Warszawa, Poland.
Emelue, G.U., & Omonzogbe, E.A. (2018). Growth Performance of African Giant Land Snails (Archachatina marginata) Fed with Feed Formulated with Different Calcium Sources. Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 2(1), 1-4. DOI: 10.26480/mjsa.01.2018.01.04.
Fournie, J., & Chetail, M. (1982). Evidence for a mobilization of calcium reserves for reproduction requirements in Deroceras reticulatum (Syn: Agriolimax reticulatus). Malacologia, 22, 285-291.
Fournie, J., & Chetail, M. (1984). Calcium dynamics in land gastropods. American Zoologist, 24, 857-870.
Gaál, K.K., Sáfár, O., Gulyás, L., & Stadler, P. (2004). Magnesium in Animal Nutrition. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 23, 754s-757s. DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719423.
Glass, N.H., & Darby, P.C. (2009). The effect of calcium and pH on Florida apple snail, Pomacea paludosa, shell growth and crush weight. Aquatic Ecology, 43, 1.085-1.093. DOI:10.1007/s10452-008-9226-3.
Gosling, E. (2004). Bivalve molluscs: Biology, ecology and culture. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Science.
Gouveia, A.R., Pearce-Kelly, P., Quicke, D.L.J., & Leather, S.R. (2011). Effects of different calcium concentrations supplemented on the diet of Partula gibba on their morphometric growth parameters, Weight and Reproduction Success. Malacologia, 54 (1-2), 139-146. DOI:10.4002/040.054.0105.
Greenaway, P. (1971). Calcium regulation in the freshwater snail Limnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda): I the effect of internal and external calcium concentration. Journal of Experimental Biology, 54(3), 609-20. DOI:10.1242/jeb.54.3.609.
Hotopp, K.P. (2002). Land Snails and Soil Calcium in Central Appalachian Mountain Forest. Southeastern Naturalist, 1(1), 27-44.
Hunter, R.D., & Lull, W.W. (1977). Physiologic and environmental factors influencing the calcium-to-tissue ratio in populations of three species of freshwater pulmonate snails. Oecologia, 29, 205-218. DOI:10.1007/BF00345695.
Huskinson, E., Maggini, S., & Ruf, M. (2007). The Roles of Vitamins and Mineral in Energy Metabolism and Well-being. The Journal of international medical research. 35(3), 277-289. DOI: 10.1177/147323000703500301.
Ireland, M.P. (1991). The effect of dietary calcium on growth, shell thickness and tissue calcium distribution in the snail Achatina fulica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 98(1), 11l-116. DOI:10.1016/0300-9629(91)90587-3.
Ireland, M.P. (1991). The effect of dietary calcium on growth, shell thickness and tissue calcium distribution in the snail Achatina fulica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 98(1), 11l-116. DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(91)90587-3.
Ireland, M.P. (1993). The effect of diamox at two dietary calcium levels on growth, shell thickness and distribution of Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, P in the tissues of the snail Achatina fulica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology, 104(1), 21-28. DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(93)90105-T.
Ireland, M.P., & Marigomez, I. (1992). The influence of dietary calcium on the tissue distribution of Cu, Zn, Mg and P and histological changes in the digestive gland cells in the snail Achatina fulica. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 58, 157-168.
Jatto, O.E., Asia, I.O., & Medjor, W.E. (2010). Proximate and Mineral Composition of Different Species of Snail Shell. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 11, 416-419.
Karamoko M. (2009). Étude de la biologie, de l’écologie et du comportement d’un escargot terrestre d’intérêt économique, Limicolaria flammea. Docteur de L’Université de Cocody-Abidjan.
Karamoko, M., Sika Piba, N.A., Ouattara, S., Otchoumou, A., & Kouassi, K.P. (2014). Effets du calcium alimentaire sur les paramètres de reproduction de l’escargot Limicolaria flammea, en élevage hors-sol. Afrique science, 10(4), 245 - 256.
Karmanska, A., Stanczak, A., & Karwowski, B. (2015). Magnez Aktualny Stan Wiedzy. Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna, 4, 677-689.
Le Van Binh and Ngo Thi Thu Thao. (2019). Effects of Calcium Levels in Artificial Pellet Feed on the Growth and Survival Rate of Black Apple Snails (Pila polita). Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences (VJAS), 2(2), 387-396. DOI: 10.31817/vjas.2019.2.2.04.
Lee, S., Jeon, M.J., & Kim, D.H. (1999). Effect of Supplemental Vitamin and/or Mineral Premixes in the Formulated Diets on Growth of Juvenile Abalone (Haliotis discus hannai). Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 32(4), 391-394.
Lovell, R.T. (1989) Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4757-1174-5.
Lovell, R.T. (1989). Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York.
Oluokun, J.A., Omole, A.J., & Fapounda, O. (2005). Effects of increasing the level of calcium supplementation in the diets of growing snail on performance characteristics. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 1(1), 76-79.
Pu, F., Chen, N., & Xue, S. (2016). Calcium Intake, Calcium Homeostasis and Health. Food Science and Human Wellness, 5(1), 8-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2016.01.001.
Richard, C.B., & Gary, J.B. (2003). Invertebrates. Second Edition. Sinauer Associates has become an imprint of Oxford University Press. Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Rubin, H. (1975). Central Role for Magnesium in Coordinate Control of Metabolism and Growth in Animal Cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 72(9), 3551–3555. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.9.3551.
Rygało-Galewska, A., Zgli´nska, K., Roguski, M., Roman, K., Bendowski, W., Bie´n, D., & Niemiec, T. (2023) Effect of Different Levels of Calcium and Addition of Magnesium in the Diet on Garden Snails’ (Cornu aspersum) Condition, Production, and Nutritional Parameters. Agriculture, 13, 2055. DOI:10.3390/agriculture13112055.
Tan, B., Mai, K., & Liufu, Z. (2001). Response of juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, to dietary calcium, phosphorus and calcium/phosphorus ratio. Aquaculture, 198(1), 141-158. DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00595-0.
Tan, B., Mai, K., & Liufu, Z. (2001). Response of juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, to dietary calcium, phosphorus and calcium/phosphorus ratio. Aquaculture, 198(1), 141-158. DOI:10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00595-0.
Thanathip, L., & Dechnarong, P. (2017). Stydy on gonadosomatic index of Thai native apple snail Pila ampullacea in the rice fields of Srimuang-mai District, Ubon Ratchathani and effect of diet on the growth of juveniles. Journal of Fisheries and Environment, 41(1), 27-36.
Thomas, J.D., & Lough, A. (1974). The effects of external calcium concentration on the rate of uptake of this ion by Biomphalaria glabrata (Say). Journal of Animal Ecology, 43(3), 861-871.
Wacker, A., & Baur, B. (2004). Effects of protein and calcium concentrations of artificial diets on the growth and survival of the land snail Arianta arbustorum. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 46(1), 47-53. DOI:10. 1080/07924259.2004.9652605.
Zalizniak, L., Kefford, B.J., & Nugegoda, D. (2009). Effects of different ionic compositions on survival and growth of Physa acuta. Aquatic Ecology, 43(1), 145-156. DOI:10.1007/s10452-007-9144-9.
Lê Văn Bình và Ngô Thị Thu Thảo. (2017). Ảnh hưởng của thức ăn và tỷ lệ giới tính đến kết quả nuôi vỗ ốc bươu đồng (Pila polita). Tạp chí Nông nghiệp và phát triển nông thôn, 7, 101-111.
Lê Văn Bình và Ngô Thị Thu Thảo. (2020). Đặc điểm phát triển tuyến sinh dục và chu kỳ sinh sản của ốc bươu đồng (Pila polita) phân bố ở một số tỉnh Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long. Tạp chí khoa học Nông nghiệp Việt Nam, 18(11), 938-947.
Ngô Thị Thu Thảo và Lê Văn Bình (2017). Hiệu quả của việc bổ sung canxi vào thức ăn trong quá trình ương giống ốc bươu đồng (Pila polita). Tạp chí Khoa học Trường Đại học Cần Thơ, 52b, 70-77.
Ani, A.O., Ogbu, C.C., Elufidipe, C.O., & Ugwuowo, L.C. (2013). Growth performance of african giant land snail (Achatina achatina) fed varying dietary protein and energy levels. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 8(20), 184-190.
Beeby, A., & Richmond, L. (2007). Differential growth rates and calcium-allocation strategies in the garden snail Cantareus aspersus. The Journal of Molluscan Studies, 73(1), 105-112. DOI:10.1093/mollus/eym002.
Beeby, A., & Richmond, L. (2011). Magnesium and the Deposition of Lead in the Shell of Three Populations of the Garden Snail Cantareus aspersus. Environmental Pollution, 159(6), 1667-1672. DOI:10.1016/ j.envpol.2011.02.040.
Chaitanawisuti, N., Sungsirin, T. & Piyatiratitivorakul, S. (2010). Effects of dietary calcium and phosphorus supplementation on the growth performance of juvenile spotted babylon Babylonia areolata culture in a recirculating culture system. Aquaculture International, 18(3), 303-313. DOI:10.1007/s10499-009-9244-8.
Chandra, A.K., Sengupta, P., Goswami, H., & Sarkar, M. (2013). Effects of Dietary Magnesium on Testicular Histology, Steroidogenesis, Spermatogenesis and Oxidative Stress Markers in Adult Rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 51(1), 37-47.
Coote, T.A., Hone, P.W. Kenyon, R. & Maguire, G.B. (1996). The effect of different combinations of dietary calcium and phosphorus on the growth of juvenile Haliotis laevigata. Aquaculture, 145(1-4), 267-279. DOI:10.1016/S0044 -8486(96)01303-8.
Coote, T.A., Hone, P.W. Kenyon, R. & Maguire, G.B. (1996). The effect of different combinations of dietary calcium and phosphorus on the growth of juvenile Haliotis laevigata. Aquaculture, 145(1-4), 267-279. DOI:10.1016/S0044 -8486(96)01303-8.
Dalesman, S., & Lukowiak, K. (2013). Effect of acute exposure to low environmental calcium on respiration and locomotion in Lymnaea stagnalis. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 213, 1471-1476. DOI:10.1242/jeb.040493.
Drapała, T. (1986). Chemia Ogólna Nieorganiczna; Pwn: Warszawa, Poland.
Emelue, G.U., & Omonzogbe, E.A. (2018). Growth Performance of African Giant Land Snails (Archachatina marginata) Fed with Feed Formulated with Different Calcium Sources. Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 2(1), 1-4. DOI: 10.26480/mjsa.01.2018.01.04.
Fournie, J., & Chetail, M. (1982). Evidence for a mobilization of calcium reserves for reproduction requirements in Deroceras reticulatum (Syn: Agriolimax reticulatus). Malacologia, 22, 285-291.
Fournie, J., & Chetail, M. (1984). Calcium dynamics in land gastropods. American Zoologist, 24, 857-870.
Gaál, K.K., Sáfár, O., Gulyás, L., & Stadler, P. (2004). Magnesium in Animal Nutrition. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 23, 754s-757s. DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719423.
Glass, N.H., & Darby, P.C. (2009). The effect of calcium and pH on Florida apple snail, Pomacea paludosa, shell growth and crush weight. Aquatic Ecology, 43, 1.085-1.093. DOI:10.1007/s10452-008-9226-3.
Gosling, E. (2004). Bivalve molluscs: Biology, ecology and culture. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Science.
Gouveia, A.R., Pearce-Kelly, P., Quicke, D.L.J., & Leather, S.R. (2011). Effects of different calcium concentrations supplemented on the diet of Partula gibba on their morphometric growth parameters, Weight and Reproduction Success. Malacologia, 54 (1-2), 139-146. DOI:10.4002/040.054.0105.
Greenaway, P. (1971). Calcium regulation in the freshwater snail Limnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda): I the effect of internal and external calcium concentration. Journal of Experimental Biology, 54(3), 609-20. DOI:10.1242/jeb.54.3.609.
Hotopp, K.P. (2002). Land Snails and Soil Calcium in Central Appalachian Mountain Forest. Southeastern Naturalist, 1(1), 27-44.
Hunter, R.D., & Lull, W.W. (1977). Physiologic and environmental factors influencing the calcium-to-tissue ratio in populations of three species of freshwater pulmonate snails. Oecologia, 29, 205-218. DOI:10.1007/BF00345695.
Huskinson, E., Maggini, S., & Ruf, M. (2007). The Roles of Vitamins and Mineral in Energy Metabolism and Well-being. The Journal of international medical research. 35(3), 277-289. DOI: 10.1177/147323000703500301.
Ireland, M.P. (1991). The effect of dietary calcium on growth, shell thickness and tissue calcium distribution in the snail Achatina fulica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 98(1), 11l-116. DOI:10.1016/0300-9629(91)90587-3.
Ireland, M.P. (1991). The effect of dietary calcium on growth, shell thickness and tissue calcium distribution in the snail Achatina fulica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 98(1), 11l-116. DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(91)90587-3.
Ireland, M.P. (1993). The effect of diamox at two dietary calcium levels on growth, shell thickness and distribution of Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, P in the tissues of the snail Achatina fulica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology, 104(1), 21-28. DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(93)90105-T.
Ireland, M.P., & Marigomez, I. (1992). The influence of dietary calcium on the tissue distribution of Cu, Zn, Mg and P and histological changes in the digestive gland cells in the snail Achatina fulica. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 58, 157-168.
Jatto, O.E., Asia, I.O., & Medjor, W.E. (2010). Proximate and Mineral Composition of Different Species of Snail Shell. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 11, 416-419.
Karamoko M. (2009). Étude de la biologie, de l’écologie et du comportement d’un escargot terrestre d’intérêt économique, Limicolaria flammea. Docteur de L’Université de Cocody-Abidjan.
Karamoko, M., Sika Piba, N.A., Ouattara, S., Otchoumou, A., & Kouassi, K.P. (2014). Effets du calcium alimentaire sur les paramètres de reproduction de l’escargot Limicolaria flammea, en élevage hors-sol. Afrique science, 10(4), 245 - 256.
Karmanska, A., Stanczak, A., & Karwowski, B. (2015). Magnez Aktualny Stan Wiedzy. Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna, 4, 677-689.
Le Van Binh and Ngo Thi Thu Thao. (2019). Effects of Calcium Levels in Artificial Pellet Feed on the Growth and Survival Rate of Black Apple Snails (Pila polita). Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences (VJAS), 2(2), 387-396. DOI: 10.31817/vjas.2019.2.2.04.
Lee, S., Jeon, M.J., & Kim, D.H. (1999). Effect of Supplemental Vitamin and/or Mineral Premixes in the Formulated Diets on Growth of Juvenile Abalone (Haliotis discus hannai). Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 32(4), 391-394.
Lovell, R.T. (1989) Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4757-1174-5.
Lovell, R.T. (1989). Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York.
Oluokun, J.A., Omole, A.J., & Fapounda, O. (2005). Effects of increasing the level of calcium supplementation in the diets of growing snail on performance characteristics. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 1(1), 76-79.
Pu, F., Chen, N., & Xue, S. (2016). Calcium Intake, Calcium Homeostasis and Health. Food Science and Human Wellness, 5(1), 8-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2016.01.001.
Richard, C.B., & Gary, J.B. (2003). Invertebrates. Second Edition. Sinauer Associates has become an imprint of Oxford University Press. Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Rubin, H. (1975). Central Role for Magnesium in Coordinate Control of Metabolism and Growth in Animal Cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 72(9), 3551–3555. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.9.3551.
Rygało-Galewska, A., Zgli´nska, K., Roguski, M., Roman, K., Bendowski, W., Bie´n, D., & Niemiec, T. (2023) Effect of Different Levels of Calcium and Addition of Magnesium in the Diet on Garden Snails’ (Cornu aspersum) Condition, Production, and Nutritional Parameters. Agriculture, 13, 2055. DOI:10.3390/agriculture13112055.
Tan, B., Mai, K., & Liufu, Z. (2001). Response of juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, to dietary calcium, phosphorus and calcium/phosphorus ratio. Aquaculture, 198(1), 141-158. DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00595-0.
Tan, B., Mai, K., & Liufu, Z. (2001). Response of juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, to dietary calcium, phosphorus and calcium/phosphorus ratio. Aquaculture, 198(1), 141-158. DOI:10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00595-0.
Thanathip, L., & Dechnarong, P. (2017). Stydy on gonadosomatic index of Thai native apple snail Pila ampullacea in the rice fields of Srimuang-mai District, Ubon Ratchathani and effect of diet on the growth of juveniles. Journal of Fisheries and Environment, 41(1), 27-36.
Thomas, J.D., & Lough, A. (1974). The effects of external calcium concentration on the rate of uptake of this ion by Biomphalaria glabrata (Say). Journal of Animal Ecology, 43(3), 861-871.
Wacker, A., & Baur, B. (2004). Effects of protein and calcium concentrations of artificial diets on the growth and survival of the land snail Arianta arbustorum. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 46(1), 47-53. DOI:10. 1080/07924259.2004.9652605.
Zalizniak, L., Kefford, B.J., & Nugegoda, D. (2009). Effects of different ionic compositions on survival and growth of Physa acuta. Aquatic Ecology, 43(1), 145-156. DOI:10.1007/s10452-007-9144-9.